// Copyright 2011 The Go Authors. All rights reserved. // Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style // license that can be found in the LICENSE file. // Package driver defines interfaces to be implemented by database // drivers as used by package sql. // // Most code should use package sql. // // The driver interface has evolved over time. Drivers should implement // Connector and DriverContext interfaces. // The Connector.Connect and Driver.Open methods should never return ErrBadConn. // ErrBadConn should only be returned from Validator, SessionResetter, or // a query method if the connection is already in an invalid (e.g. closed) state. // // All Conn implementations should implement the following interfaces: // Pinger, SessionResetter, and Validator. // // If named parameters or context are supported, the driver's Conn should implement: // ExecerContext, QueryerContext, ConnPrepareContext, and ConnBeginTx. // // To support custom data types, implement NamedValueChecker. NamedValueChecker // also allows queries to accept per-query options as a parameter by returning // ErrRemoveArgument from CheckNamedValue. // // If multiple result sets are supported, Rows should implement RowsNextResultSet. // If the driver knows how to describe the types present in the returned result // it should implement the following interfaces: RowsColumnTypeScanType, // RowsColumnTypeDatabaseTypeName, RowsColumnTypeLength, RowsColumnTypeNullable, // and RowsColumnTypePrecisionScale. A given row value may also return a Rows // type, which may represent a database cursor value. // // Before a connection is returned to the connection pool after use, IsValid is // called if implemented. Before a connection is reused for another query, // ResetSession is called if implemented. If a connection is never returned to the // connection pool but immediately reused, then ResetSession is called prior to // reuse but IsValid is not called. package driver import ( "context" "errors" "reflect" ) // Value is a value that drivers must be able to handle. // It is either nil, a type handled by a database driver's NamedValueChecker // interface, or an instance of one of these types: // // int64 // float64 // bool // []byte // string // time.Time // // If the driver supports cursors, a returned Value may also implement the Rows interface // in this package. This is used, for example, when a user selects a cursor // such as "select cursor(select * from my_table) from dual". If the Rows // from the select is closed, the cursor Rows will also be closed. type Value interface{} // NamedValue holds both the value name and value. type NamedValue struct { // If the Name is not empty it should be used for the parameter identifier and // not the ordinal position. // // Name will not have a symbol prefix. Name string // Ordinal position of the parameter starting from one and is always set. Ordinal int // Value is the parameter value. Value Value } // Driver is the interface that must be implemented by a database // driver. // // Database drivers may implement DriverContext for access // to contexts and to parse the name only once for a pool of connections, // instead of once per connection. type Driver interface { // Open returns a new connection to the database. // The name is a string in a driver-specific format. // // Open may return a cached connection (one previously // closed), but doing so is unnecessary; the sql package // maintains a pool of idle connections for efficient re-use. // // The returned connection is only used by one goroutine at a // time. Open(name string) (Conn, error) } // If a Driver implements DriverContext, then sql.DB will call // OpenConnector to obtain a Connector and then invoke // that Connector's Connect method to obtain each needed connection, // instead of invoking the Driver's Open method for each connection. // The two-step sequence allows drivers to parse the name just once // and also provides access to per-Conn contexts. type DriverContext interface { // OpenConnector must parse the name in the same format that Driver.Open // parses the name parameter. OpenConnector(name string) (Connector, error) } // A Connector represents a driver in a fixed configuration // and can create any number of equivalent Conns for use // by multiple goroutines. // // A Connector can be passed to sql.OpenDB, to allow drivers // to implement their own sql.DB constructors, or returned by // DriverContext's OpenConnector method, to allow drivers // access to context and to avoid repeated parsing of driver // configuration. // // If a Connector implements io.Closer, the sql package's DB.Close // method will call Close and return error (if any). type Connector interface { // Connect returns a connection to the database. // Connect may return a cached connection (one previously // closed), but doing so is unnecessary; the sql package // maintains a pool of idle connections for efficient re-use. // // The provided context.Context is for dialing purposes only // (see net.DialContext) and should not be stored or used for // other purposes. A default timeout should still be used // when dialing as a connection pool may call Connect // asynchronously to any query. // // The returned connection is only used by one goroutine at a // time. Connect(context.Context) (Conn, error) // Driver returns the underlying Driver of the Connector, // mainly to maintain compatibility with the Driver method // on sql.DB. Driver() Driver } // ErrSkip may be returned by some optional interfaces' methods to // indicate at runtime that the fast path is unavailable and the sql // package should continue as if the optional interface was not // implemented. ErrSkip is only supported where explicitly // documented. var ErrSkip = errors.New("driver: skip fast-path; continue as if unimplemented") // ErrBadConn should be returned by a driver to signal to the sql // package that a driver.Conn is in a bad state (such as the server // having earlier closed the connection) and the sql package should // retry on a new connection. // // To prevent duplicate operations, ErrBadConn should NOT be returned // if there's a possibility that the database server might have // performed the operation. Even if the server sends back an error, // you shouldn't return ErrBadConn. var ErrBadConn = errors.New("driver: bad connection") // Pinger is an optional interface that may be implemented by a Conn. // // If a Conn does not implement Pinger, the sql package's DB.Ping and // DB.PingContext will check if there is at least one Conn available. // // If Conn.Ping returns ErrBadConn, DB.Ping and DB.PingContext will remove // the Conn from pool. type Pinger interface { Ping(ctx context.Context) error } // Execer is an optional interface that may be implemented by a Conn. // // If a Conn implements neither ExecerContext nor Execer, // the sql package's DB.Exec will first prepare a query, execute the statement, // and then close the statement. // // Exec may return ErrSkip. // // Deprecated: Drivers should implement ExecerContext instead. type Execer interface { Exec(query string, args []Value) (Result, error) } // ExecerContext is an optional interface that may be implemented by a Conn. // // If a Conn does not implement ExecerContext, the sql package's DB.Exec // will fall back to Execer; if the Conn does not implement Execer either, // DB.Exec will first prepare a query, execute the statement, and then // close the statement. // // ExecerContext may return ErrSkip. // // ExecerContext must honor the context timeout and return when the context is canceled. type ExecerContext interface { ExecContext(ctx context.Context, query string, args []NamedValue) (Result, error) } // Queryer is an optional interface that may be implemented by a Conn. // // If a Conn implements neither QueryerContext nor Queryer, // the sql package's DB.Query will first prepare a query, execute the statement, // and then close the statement. // // Query may return ErrSkip. // // Deprecated: Drivers should implement QueryerContext instead. type Queryer interface { Query(query string, args []Value) (Rows, error) } // QueryerContext is an optional interface that may be implemented by a Conn. // // If a Conn does not implement QueryerContext, the sql package's DB.Query // will fall back to Queryer; if the Conn does not implement Queryer either, // DB.Query will first prepare a query, execute the statement, and then // close the statement. // // QueryerContext may return ErrSkip. // // QueryerContext must honor the context timeout and return when the context is canceled. type QueryerContext interface { QueryContext(ctx context.Context, query string, args []NamedValue) (Rows, error) } // Conn is a connection to a database. It is not used concurrently // by multiple goroutines. // // Conn is assumed to be stateful. type Conn interface { // Prepare returns a prepared statement, bound to this connection. Prepare(query string) (Stmt, error) // Close invalidates and potentially stops any current // prepared statements and transactions, marking this // connection as no longer in use. // // Because the sql package maintains a free pool of // connections and only calls Close when there's a surplus of // idle connections, it shouldn't be necessary for drivers to // do their own connection caching. // // Drivers must ensure all network calls made by Close // do not block indefinitely (e.g. apply a timeout). Close() error // Begin starts and returns a new transaction. // // Deprecated: Drivers should implement ConnBeginTx instead (or additionally). Begin() (Tx, error) } // ConnPrepareContext enhances the Conn interface with context. type ConnPrepareContext interface { // PrepareContext returns a prepared statement, bound to this connection. // context is for the preparation of the statement, // it must not store the context within the statement itself. PrepareContext(ctx context.Context, query string) (Stmt, error) } // IsolationLevel is the transaction isolation level stored in TxOptions. // // This type should be considered identical to sql.IsolationLevel along // with any values defined on it. type IsolationLevel int // TxOptions holds the transaction options. // // This type should be considered identical to sql.TxOptions. type TxOptions struct { Isolation IsolationLevel ReadOnly bool } // ConnBeginTx enhances the Conn interface with context and TxOptions. type ConnBeginTx interface { // BeginTx starts and returns a new transaction. // If the context is canceled by the user the sql package will // call Tx.Rollback before discarding and closing the connection. // // This must check opts.Isolation to determine if there is a set // isolation level. If the driver does not support a non-default // level and one is set or if there is a non-default isolation level // that is not supported, an error must be returned. // // This must also check opts.ReadOnly to determine if the read-only // value is true to either set the read-only transaction property if supported // or return an error if it is not supported. BeginTx(ctx context.Context, opts TxOptions) (Tx, error) } // SessionResetter may be implemented by Conn to allow drivers to reset the // session state associated with the connection and to signal a bad connection. type SessionResetter interface { // ResetSession is called prior to executing a query on the connection // if the connection has been used before. If the driver returns ErrBadConn // the connection is discarded. ResetSession(ctx context.Context) error } // Validator may be implemented by Conn to allow drivers to // signal if a connection is valid or if it should be discarded. // // If implemented, drivers may return the underlying error from queries, // even if the connection should be discarded by the connection pool. type Validator interface { // IsValid is called prior to placing the connection into the // connection pool. The connection will be discarded if false is returned. IsValid() bool } // Result is the result of a query execution. type Result interface { // LastInsertId returns the database's auto-generated ID // after, for example, an INSERT into a table with primary // key. LastInsertId() (int64, error) // RowsAffected returns the number of rows affected by the // query. RowsAffected() (int64, error) } // Stmt is a prepared statement. It is bound to a Conn and not // used by multiple goroutines concurrently. type Stmt interface { // Close closes the statement. // // As of Go 1.1, a Stmt will not be closed if it's in use // by any queries. // // Drivers must ensure all network calls made by Close // do not block indefinitely (e.g. apply a timeout). Close() error // NumInput returns the number of placeholder parameters. // // If NumInput returns >= 0, the sql package will sanity check // argument counts from callers and return errors to the caller // before the statement's Exec or Query methods are called. // // NumInput may also return -1, if the driver doesn't know // its number of placeholders. In that case, the sql package // will not sanity check Exec or Query argument counts. NumInput() int // Exec executes a query that doesn't return rows, such // as an INSERT or UPDATE. // // Deprecated: Drivers should implement StmtExecContext instead (or additionally). Exec(args []Value) (Result, error) // Query executes a query that may return rows, such as a // SELECT. // // Deprecated: Drivers should implement StmtQueryContext instead (or additionally). Query(args []Value) (Rows, error) } // StmtExecContext enhances the Stmt interface by providing Exec with context. type StmtExecContext interface { // ExecContext executes a query that doesn't return rows, such // as an INSERT or UPDATE. // // ExecContext must honor the context timeout and return when it is canceled. ExecContext(ctx context.Context, args []NamedValue) (Result, error) } // StmtQueryContext enhances the Stmt interface by providing Query with context. type StmtQueryContext interface { // QueryContext executes a query that may return rows, such as a // SELECT. // // QueryContext must honor the context timeout and return when it is canceled. QueryContext(ctx context.Context, args []NamedValue) (Rows, error) } // ErrRemoveArgument may be returned from NamedValueChecker to instruct the // sql package to not pass the argument to the driver query interface. // Return when accepting query specific options or structures that aren't // SQL query arguments. var ErrRemoveArgument = errors.New("driver: remove argument from query") // NamedValueChecker may be optionally implemented by Conn or Stmt. It provides // the driver more control to handle Go and database types beyond the default // Values types allowed. // // The sql package checks for value checkers in the following order, // stopping at the first found match: Stmt.NamedValueChecker, Conn.NamedValueChecker, // Stmt.ColumnConverter, DefaultParameterConverter. // // If CheckNamedValue returns ErrRemoveArgument, the NamedValue will not be included in // the final query arguments. This may be used to pass special options to // the query itself. // // If ErrSkip is returned the column converter error checking // path is used for the argument. Drivers may wish to return ErrSkip after // they have exhausted their own special cases. type NamedValueChecker interface { // CheckNamedValue is called before passing arguments to the driver // and is called in place of any ColumnConverter. CheckNamedValue must do type // validation and conversion as appropriate for the driver. CheckNamedValue(*NamedValue) error } // ColumnConverter may be optionally implemented by Stmt if the // statement is aware of its own columns' types and can convert from // any type to a driver Value. // // Deprecated: Drivers should implement NamedValueChecker. type ColumnConverter interface { // ColumnConverter returns a ValueConverter for the provided // column index. If the type of a specific column isn't known // or shouldn't be handled specially, DefaultValueConverter // can be returned. ColumnConverter(idx int) ValueConverter } // Rows is an iterator over an executed query's results. type Rows interface { // Columns returns the names of the columns. The number of // columns of the result is inferred from the length of the // slice. If a particular column name isn't known, an empty // string should be returned for that entry. Columns() []string // Close closes the rows iterator. Close() error // Next is called to populate the next row of data into // the provided slice. The provided slice will be the same // size as the Columns() are wide. // // Next should return io.EOF when there are no more rows. // // The dest should not be written to outside of Next. Care // should be taken when closing Rows not to modify // a buffer held in dest. Next(dest []Value) error } // RowsNextResultSet extends the Rows interface by providing a way to signal // the driver to advance to the next result set. type RowsNextResultSet interface { Rows // HasNextResultSet is called at the end of the current result set and // reports whether there is another result set after the current one. HasNextResultSet() bool // NextResultSet advances the driver to the next result set even // if there are remaining rows in the current result set. // // NextResultSet should return io.EOF when there are no more result sets. NextResultSet() error } // RowsColumnTypeScanType may be implemented by Rows. It should return // the value type that can be used to scan types into. For example, the database // column type "bigint" this should return "reflect.TypeOf(int64(0))". type RowsColumnTypeScanType interface { Rows ColumnTypeScanType(index int) reflect.Type } // RowsColumnTypeDatabaseTypeName may be implemented by Rows. It should return the // database system type name without the length. Type names should be uppercase. // Examples of returned types: "VARCHAR", "NVARCHAR", "VARCHAR2", "CHAR", "TEXT", // "DECIMAL", "SMALLINT", "INT", "BIGINT", "BOOL", "[]BIGINT", "JSONB", "XML", // "TIMESTAMP". type RowsColumnTypeDatabaseTypeName interface { Rows ColumnTypeDatabaseTypeName(index int) string } // RowsColumnTypeLength may be implemented by Rows. It should return the length // of the column type if the column is a variable length type. If the column is // not a variable length type ok should return false. // If length is not limited other than system limits, it should return math.MaxInt64. // The following are examples of returned values for various types: // TEXT (math.MaxInt64, true) // varchar(10) (10, true) // nvarchar(10) (10, true) // decimal (0, false) // int (0, false) // bytea(30) (30, true) type RowsColumnTypeLength interface { Rows ColumnTypeLength(index int) (length int64, ok bool) } // RowsColumnTypeNullable may be implemented by Rows. The nullable value should // be true if it is known the column may be null, or false if the column is known // to be not nullable. // If the column nullability is unknown, ok should be false. type RowsColumnTypeNullable interface { Rows ColumnTypeNullable(index int) (nullable, ok bool) } // RowsColumnTypePrecisionScale may be implemented by Rows. It should return // the precision and scale for decimal types. If not applicable, ok should be false. // The following are examples of returned values for various types: // decimal(38, 4) (38, 4, true) // int (0, 0, false) // decimal (math.MaxInt64, math.MaxInt64, true) type RowsColumnTypePrecisionScale interface { Rows ColumnTypePrecisionScale(index int) (precision, scale int64, ok bool) } // Tx is a transaction. type Tx interface { Commit() error Rollback() error } // RowsAffected implements Result for an INSERT or UPDATE operation // which mutates a number of rows. type RowsAffected int64 var _ Result = RowsAffected(0) func (RowsAffected) LastInsertId() (int64, error) { return 0, errors.New("LastInsertId is not supported by this driver") } func (v RowsAffected) RowsAffected() (int64, error) { return int64(v), nil } // ResultNoRows is a pre-defined Result for drivers to return when a DDL // command (such as a CREATE TABLE) succeeds. It returns an error for both // LastInsertId and RowsAffected. var ResultNoRows noRows type noRows struct{} var _ Result = noRows{} func (noRows) LastInsertId() (int64, error) { return 0, errors.New("no LastInsertId available after DDL statement") } func (noRows) RowsAffected() (int64, error) { return 0, errors.New("no RowsAffected available after DDL statement") }