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Source file src/sync/mutex.go

Documentation: sync

     1  // Copyright 2009 The Go Authors. All rights reserved.
     2  // Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style
     3  // license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
     4  
     5  // Package sync provides basic synchronization primitives such as mutual
     6  // exclusion locks. Other than the Once and WaitGroup types, most are intended
     7  // for use by low-level library routines. Higher-level synchronization is
     8  // better done via channels and communication.
     9  //
    10  // Values containing the types defined in this package should not be copied.
    11  package sync
    12  
    13  import (
    14  	"internal/race"
    15  	"sync/atomic"
    16  	"unsafe"
    17  )
    18  
    19  func throw(string) // provided by runtime
    20  
    21  // A Mutex is a mutual exclusion lock.
    22  // The zero value for a Mutex is an unlocked mutex.
    23  //
    24  // A Mutex must not be copied after first use.
    25  type Mutex struct {
    26  	state int32
    27  	sema  uint32
    28  }
    29  
    30  // A Locker represents an object that can be locked and unlocked.
    31  type Locker interface {
    32  	Lock()
    33  	Unlock()
    34  }
    35  
    36  const (
    37  	mutexLocked = 1 << iota // mutex is locked
    38  	mutexWoken
    39  	mutexStarving
    40  	mutexWaiterShift = iota
    41  
    42  	// Mutex fairness.
    43  	//
    44  	// Mutex can be in 2 modes of operations: normal and starvation.
    45  	// In normal mode waiters are queued in FIFO order, but a woken up waiter
    46  	// does not own the mutex and competes with new arriving goroutines over
    47  	// the ownership. New arriving goroutines have an advantage -- they are
    48  	// already running on CPU and there can be lots of them, so a woken up
    49  	// waiter has good chances of losing. In such case it is queued at front
    50  	// of the wait queue. If a waiter fails to acquire the mutex for more than 1ms,
    51  	// it switches mutex to the starvation mode.
    52  	//
    53  	// In starvation mode ownership of the mutex is directly handed off from
    54  	// the unlocking goroutine to the waiter at the front of the queue.
    55  	// New arriving goroutines don't try to acquire the mutex even if it appears
    56  	// to be unlocked, and don't try to spin. Instead they queue themselves at
    57  	// the tail of the wait queue.
    58  	//
    59  	// If a waiter receives ownership of the mutex and sees that either
    60  	// (1) it is the last waiter in the queue, or (2) it waited for less than 1 ms,
    61  	// it switches mutex back to normal operation mode.
    62  	//
    63  	// Normal mode has considerably better performance as a goroutine can acquire
    64  	// a mutex several times in a row even if there are blocked waiters.
    65  	// Starvation mode is important to prevent pathological cases of tail latency.
    66  	starvationThresholdNs = 1e6
    67  )
    68  
    69  // Lock locks m.
    70  // If the lock is already in use, the calling goroutine
    71  // blocks until the mutex is available.
    72  func (m *Mutex) Lock() {
    73  	// Fast path: grab unlocked mutex.
    74  	if atomic.CompareAndSwapInt32(&m.state, 0, mutexLocked) {
    75  		if race.Enabled {
    76  			race.Acquire(unsafe.Pointer(m))
    77  		}
    78  		return
    79  	}
    80  	// Slow path (outlined so that the fast path can be inlined)
    81  	m.lockSlow()
    82  }
    83  
    84  func (m *Mutex) lockSlow() {
    85  	var waitStartTime int64
    86  	starving := false
    87  	awoke := false
    88  	iter := 0
    89  	old := m.state
    90  	for {
    91  		// Don't spin in starvation mode, ownership is handed off to waiters
    92  		// so we won't be able to acquire the mutex anyway.
    93  		if old&(mutexLocked|mutexStarving) == mutexLocked && runtime_canSpin(iter) {
    94  			// Active spinning makes sense.
    95  			// Try to set mutexWoken flag to inform Unlock
    96  			// to not wake other blocked goroutines.
    97  			if !awoke && old&mutexWoken == 0 && old>>mutexWaiterShift != 0 &&
    98  				atomic.CompareAndSwapInt32(&m.state, old, old|mutexWoken) {
    99  				awoke = true
   100  			}
   101  			runtime_doSpin()
   102  			iter++
   103  			old = m.state
   104  			continue
   105  		}
   106  		new := old
   107  		// Don't try to acquire starving mutex, new arriving goroutines must queue.
   108  		if old&mutexStarving == 0 {
   109  			new |= mutexLocked
   110  		}
   111  		if old&(mutexLocked|mutexStarving) != 0 {
   112  			new += 1 << mutexWaiterShift
   113  		}
   114  		// The current goroutine switches mutex to starvation mode.
   115  		// But if the mutex is currently unlocked, don't do the switch.
   116  		// Unlock expects that starving mutex has waiters, which will not
   117  		// be true in this case.
   118  		if starving && old&mutexLocked != 0 {
   119  			new |= mutexStarving
   120  		}
   121  		if awoke {
   122  			// The goroutine has been woken from sleep,
   123  			// so we need to reset the flag in either case.
   124  			if new&mutexWoken == 0 {
   125  				throw("sync: inconsistent mutex state")
   126  			}
   127  			new &^= mutexWoken
   128  		}
   129  		if atomic.CompareAndSwapInt32(&m.state, old, new) {
   130  			if old&(mutexLocked|mutexStarving) == 0 {
   131  				break // locked the mutex with CAS
   132  			}
   133  			// If we were already waiting before, queue at the front of the queue.
   134  			queueLifo := waitStartTime != 0
   135  			if waitStartTime == 0 {
   136  				waitStartTime = runtime_nanotime()
   137  			}
   138  			runtime_SemacquireMutex(&m.sema, queueLifo, 1)
   139  			starving = starving || runtime_nanotime()-waitStartTime > starvationThresholdNs
   140  			old = m.state
   141  			if old&mutexStarving != 0 {
   142  				// If this goroutine was woken and mutex is in starvation mode,
   143  				// ownership was handed off to us but mutex is in somewhat
   144  				// inconsistent state: mutexLocked is not set and we are still
   145  				// accounted as waiter. Fix that.
   146  				if old&(mutexLocked|mutexWoken) != 0 || old>>mutexWaiterShift == 0 {
   147  					throw("sync: inconsistent mutex state")
   148  				}
   149  				delta := int32(mutexLocked - 1<<mutexWaiterShift)
   150  				if !starving || old>>mutexWaiterShift == 1 {
   151  					// Exit starvation mode.
   152  					// Critical to do it here and consider wait time.
   153  					// Starvation mode is so inefficient, that two goroutines
   154  					// can go lock-step infinitely once they switch mutex
   155  					// to starvation mode.
   156  					delta -= mutexStarving
   157  				}
   158  				atomic.AddInt32(&m.state, delta)
   159  				break
   160  			}
   161  			awoke = true
   162  			iter = 0
   163  		} else {
   164  			old = m.state
   165  		}
   166  	}
   167  
   168  	if race.Enabled {
   169  		race.Acquire(unsafe.Pointer(m))
   170  	}
   171  }
   172  
   173  // Unlock unlocks m.
   174  // It is a run-time error if m is not locked on entry to Unlock.
   175  //
   176  // A locked Mutex is not associated with a particular goroutine.
   177  // It is allowed for one goroutine to lock a Mutex and then
   178  // arrange for another goroutine to unlock it.
   179  func (m *Mutex) Unlock() {
   180  	if race.Enabled {
   181  		_ = m.state
   182  		race.Release(unsafe.Pointer(m))
   183  	}
   184  
   185  	// Fast path: drop lock bit.
   186  	new := atomic.AddInt32(&m.state, -mutexLocked)
   187  	if new != 0 {
   188  		// Outlined slow path to allow inlining the fast path.
   189  		// To hide unlockSlow during tracing we skip one extra frame when tracing GoUnblock.
   190  		m.unlockSlow(new)
   191  	}
   192  }
   193  
   194  func (m *Mutex) unlockSlow(new int32) {
   195  	if (new+mutexLocked)&mutexLocked == 0 {
   196  		throw("sync: unlock of unlocked mutex")
   197  	}
   198  	if new&mutexStarving == 0 {
   199  		old := new
   200  		for {
   201  			// If there are no waiters or a goroutine has already
   202  			// been woken or grabbed the lock, no need to wake anyone.
   203  			// In starvation mode ownership is directly handed off from unlocking
   204  			// goroutine to the next waiter. We are not part of this chain,
   205  			// since we did not observe mutexStarving when we unlocked the mutex above.
   206  			// So get off the way.
   207  			if old>>mutexWaiterShift == 0 || old&(mutexLocked|mutexWoken|mutexStarving) != 0 {
   208  				return
   209  			}
   210  			// Grab the right to wake someone.
   211  			new = (old - 1<<mutexWaiterShift) | mutexWoken
   212  			if atomic.CompareAndSwapInt32(&m.state, old, new) {
   213  				runtime_Semrelease(&m.sema, false, 1)
   214  				return
   215  			}
   216  			old = m.state
   217  		}
   218  	} else {
   219  		// Starving mode: handoff mutex ownership to the next waiter, and yield
   220  		// our time slice so that the next waiter can start to run immediately.
   221  		// Note: mutexLocked is not set, the waiter will set it after wakeup.
   222  		// But mutex is still considered locked if mutexStarving is set,
   223  		// so new coming goroutines won't acquire it.
   224  		runtime_Semrelease(&m.sema, true, 1)
   225  	}
   226  }
   227  

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